Some of the inventions of most influential scientists.
1) Issac Newton - Universal gravitation, Newtonian mechanics, Infinitesimal calculus, Optics, Binomial series.
2) Albert Einstein - Theory of relativity, Photoelectric effect, Mass energy equivalence, Theory of brownian motion, Enstein's field equations, Bose-Einstein stastics, Bose-Einstein correlation, Unified field theory.
3) Niels Bohr - Bohr model, Copenhagen interpretation, Complementarity, Sommerfield-bohr theory, Bohr magneton, BKS theory, Founded quantum mechanics when he remodeled the atom so electrons occupied ‘allowed’ orbits around the nucleus while all other orbits were forbidden; architect of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.
4) Charles Darwin - Origin of species, Evolution, Natural selection ( The survival of the fittest ).
5) Louis Pasteur - Germ theory of disease, Vaccination for rabies and anthrax, Pasteurization.
6) Sigmund Freud - Psychotherapy, Psychology of unconscious mind.
7) Galileo Galilei - Telescope, Dynamics, Heliocentrism.
8) Antoine Lavoisier - Hydrogen, Oxygen, Water, Silicon.
9) Johannes Kepler - Laws of planetary motion, Improved version of refracting telescope.
10) Nicolaus Copernicus - Sun is placed at the center of all other planets, Heliocentric Universe, Started the scientific revolution with his book The Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, explaining his belief that the solar system is centered on the sun not on the earth.
11) Michael Faraday - Transformer, The Classical Field Theory, Faraday's laws of induction,induction motor, Electrochemistry, Faraday effect, Faraday cage, Faraday constant, Faraday's cup, Faraday's laws of electrolysis, Faraday paradox, Faraday rotator, Faraday efficiency effect, Faraday wheel, Faraday wave, Lines of force,discovered the first experimental link between light and magnetism,carried out the first room-temperature liquefaction of a gas, discovered benzene.
12) James Clerk Maxwell - The electromagnetic field, Maxwell's equations, Maxwell distribution, Maxwell's demon, Mazwell's discs, Maxwell's speed distribution, Maxwell theorem, Generalised maxwell modell, Maxwell material, Displacement current, Maxwell's wheel.
13 ) Claude Bernard - Found the word Homeostasis, Found the functions of pancreas, explained what is digestion, Found the glycogenic functions of liver, Vaso motor system, Vaso motor nerves ( vaso motor dialator, vaso maotor constrictor ).
14 ) Franz Boas - Founder of modern Anthropology, Father of American Anthropology.
15 ) Werner Heisenberg - Quantum theory, Uncertainty theory, Matrix mechanics, Kramers heisenberg formula, Heisenberg group, Isospin, Euler heisenberg lagrangian.
16 ) Linus Pauling - Elucidating chemical bonds, Molecular structures, Advocating nuclear disarmament.
17 ) Rudolf Virchow - Cellular pathology, Biogenesis, Virchow's triad.
18 ) Erwin Schrodinger - Schrodinger equation, Schrodinger's cat, Schrodinger method, Schrodinger functional, Schrodinger picture, Schrodinger newton euations, Schrodinger field, Schrodinger logics, Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation, Cat state, Wave function
19 ) Ernest Rutherford - Father of nuclear physics, Rutherford model, Rutherford scattering, Rutherford back scattering, Spectroscopy, Discovery of proton, Coined the term artificial disintegration.
20 ) Paul Dirac - Dirac equation, Dirac comb, Dirac delta equation, Dirac sea, Dirac spinor, Dirac measure, Dirac adjoint, Bra-ket notation, Dirac large numbers hypothesis, Dirac fermion, Dirac string, Dirac algebra, Dirac operator, Abraham -lawrence Dirac force, Dirac bracket, Fermi-Dirac integral, Dirac picture, Negative integral, Dirac -coulomb-breit equation, Kapitsa-Dirac effect.
21 ) Andreas Vesalius - Founder of modern human anatomy, Author of the book ON THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BODY.
22 ) Tycho Brahe - Tycho's astronomical data was used to develop LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION, Produced the best star catalog that had ever been compiled and measured the orbit of Mars with unprecedented accuracy, paving the way for Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and Newton’s law of gravity.
23) Comte de Buffon - He proposed that species can change over time and these changes could lead to a new organism.
24 ) Ludwig Boltzmann - He explained and predicted how the properties of atoms such as mass, energy, structure determines the visible properties of matter such as viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusion. Boltzmann's constant, Boltzmann equation, H theorem, Boltzmann distribution, Stefan-Boltzmann law.
25 ) Max Planck - Planck constant, Planck postulate, Planck 's law of black body.
26 ) Marie Curie - Discovered radium, discovered polonium, First woman to win nobel prize, Coined the term radioactivity, carried out the first research into the treatment of tumors with radiation.
27 ) William Herschel - Discovery of Uranus, Discovery of infrared radiation, Known for deep sky surveys, Known for the 24 symphonies that he composed, Discovered the 2 moons ( titania, oberon ) of Uranus, Discovered the 2 moons of saturn.
28 ) Charles Lyell - Author of PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY.
29 ) Pierre Simon de Laplace - Laplace's equation, Laplacian, Laplace transform, Laplace distribution, Laplace demon, Laplace expansion, Young-Laplace equation, Laplace number, Laplace limit, Laplace invariant, Laplace principle.
30 ) Edwin Hubble - Hubble 's law, Discovered the asteroid 1373 cincinnati.
31 ) Joseph J.Thomson - Discovery of electron, Plum pudding model, Doscovery of isotopes, Mass spectrometer invention, First m/e measurement, Proposed first wave guide, Thomson scattering, Thomson problem, Coined the term delta ray, Coined the term epsilon radiation,
32 ) Max Born - Discovery of
Born–Haber cycle
Born rigidity
Born coordinates
Born approximation
Born series
Born probability
Born–Infeld theory
Born–Oppenheimer approximation
Born rule
Born–Landé equation
Born–Huang approximation
Born–von Karman boundary condition
Born equation
Adiabatic theorem
Canonical commutation relation
33 ) Francis Crick - Discovery of
DNA structure
Central Dogma
Consciousness
Adaptor hypothesis
34 ) Enrico Fermi - Discovery of
Demonstrating first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction
Fermi–Dirac statistics
Fermi's golden rule
Fermi paradox
Fermi method
Fermi theory of beta decay
35) Hippocrates - Founder of medicine, The father of Western medicine: systematized medical treatments, disentangling them from religion and superstitions; trained physicians; produced a large body of medical textbooks. The famous Hippocratic Oath binds physicians to good ethical practices.
36) Aristotle - Discovery of
Aristotelian philosophy
Syllogism
Theory of the soul
Virtue ethics
37) Steven Arthur Pinker - Discovery of
evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind.
38) Francis Collins - Discovery of
Chromosome jumping
39) John Craig Venter - He is known for leading the first draft sequence of the human genome and assembled the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome.
40) Stephen Hawking - His scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation.
41) Stephen Jay Gould - Stephen Jay Gould is best known for the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which proposes that evolution of species is not a slow, gradual process of change, but in fact consists of long periods of stability broken by shorter periods of rapid change.
42) Robert Curl - Curl is best known as a member of the team that discovered the carbon cage compounds known as the fullerenes could be produced in good yield when elemental carbon vapor is allowed to condense under the right conditions. The fullerenes are the only known form of elemental carbon.
43) Richard E Smalley - In 1996 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of a new type of carbon, buckminsterfullerene.
44) Harry Kroto - Harry Kroto is a chemist, professor, Nobel Prize winner, and the discoverer of the buckyball! Sir Harold Walter Kroto shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley for the discovery of the “buckyball”, the “molecule” shaped like a soccerball made of 60 carbon atoms.
45) Jane Goodall - Jane Goodall is an expert on wild chimpanzees. Recognized for her ground breaking discoveries about their behavior – she discovered that chimpanzees make tools, eat and hunt for meat, and have similar social behavior to humans – she completely transformed our understanding of our closest relative in the animal kingdom.
46) Rosalind Franklin - Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA, particularly Photo 51, while at King's College London, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix for which James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962.
47) Richard Phillips - Richard Phillips Feynman, ForMemRS (/ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium.
48) James Watson - James D. Watson is credited with the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA along with Francis Crick. Watson received a 1962 Nobel Prize and went on to do work in cancer research and mapping the human genome.
49) Francis Crik - discovered the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 1953 in Cambridge, England, also developed The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, and further clarified the relationship between nucleotides and protein synthesis.
50) Sir Fred Hoyle - Sir Fred Hoyle was an English astronomer and cosmologist, primarily remembered today for his contribution to the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, and his often controversial stance on other cosmological and scientific matters.
51) Jonas Salk - Discovery of Polio vaccine.
52) Norman Ernest Borlaug - A biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work in developing varieties of cereal grains that would produce high yields in developing countries.
53) Alan Turing - Discovery of
Banburismus
Automatic Computing Engine
LU decomposition
Universal Turing machine
54) Luis Alverez - Invented the Microwave Phased Array Antenna. Helped develop the atom bomb. Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968. he also developed the Alvarez hypothesis.
55) Battista - Anemometer
56) Friedrich Dexler - Ammeter
57) Evangelista Torricelli - Barometer
58) Hans Lippershey - Telescope
59) Andre-Marie Ampere - Discovered that wires carrying electric current can attract and repel magnetically; founded electromagnetic theory.
60) Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit - Mercury Thermometer
61) Anaximander - An ancient scientific revolution: the first person in history to recognize that our planet is free in space and does not need to sit on something.
62) J.J.Thomson - Electrons
63) James Chadwick - Newtrons
64) Alfred Nobel - Dynamite
65) Mary Anning –
Ancient animals, fossils, and paleontology: discovered the first complete specimen of a plesiosaur; deduced the diets of dinosaurs.
66) Alexander Fleming - Penicillin
67) Felix Hoffman - Aspirin
68) Antony van Leeuwenhoek - Bacteria
69) Waldemar Haffkine - Cholera Vaccine
70) Maurice Hilleman - Rubella Vaccine
71) Baruch Blumberg - Hepatitis B virus
72) Pablo DT Valenzuela - Hepatitis B Vaccine
73) Edward Jenner - Smallpox Vaccine
74) Aristarchus –
Promoted the idea that the earth follows a circular orbit around the sun eighteen centuries before Nicolaus Copernicus resurrected the idea.
75) Waldemar Haffkine - Plague Vaccine
76) Wilhelm Rontgen - X-ray
77) Casimir Funk - Vitamin
78) Frederick Banting and J J R Macleod - Insulin
79) Luc Montagnier - HIV
80) Tim Berners Lee - World Wide Web
81) James Gosling - Java Computing Language
82) Ray Tomlinson - Email
83) Dennis Ritchie - C programmimg
84) Johannes Gutenberg - Printing Press
85) Thomas Alva Edison - Electric Bulb
86) Alexander Grahambel - Inventor of the metal detector, the telephone, and the photophone – the first device to carry the human voice using light.
87) Guglielmo Marconi - Radio
88) Blaise Pascal - Calculator
89) John Logie Baird - Television
90) Benjamin Franklin - Electricity
91) Pavel Schilling - Electrical Telegraph
92) Amedeo Avogadro –
The first scientist to realize that elements can exist in the form of molecules rather than as individual atoms; originator of Avogadro’s law.
93) Fritz Pfluemer - Magnetic Tape
94) Daniel Bernoulli –
Discovered the Bernoulli Effect explaining how aircraft wings generate lift; formulated a kinetic theory relating the phenomenon of temperature to particle speeds in gases;
95) Dmitri Mendeleev - Periodic Table
96) Euclid - Geometry
97) Edward Teller - Hydrogen Bomb
98) Enrico Fermi - Nuclear Reactor
99) James Watt - Steam Engine
100) Alessandro Volta - Battery
101) Rudolf Diesel - Diesel Engine.
102) Broquet - Helicopter
103) Larry Page - Google
104) Vint Cerf - Internet
105) Robert Khan - IP Address
106) Archimedes - Discovery of
Archimedes' principle
Archimedes' screw
Founded the sciences of mechanics and hydrostatics,
calculated pi precisely
devised the law of exponents
levers
infinitesimals
Neuseis constructions
created new geometrical proofs
invented numerous ingenious mechanical devices
107) Cai Lun - Paper
108) Humphrey Davy - Davy Lamp
109) Charles Babbage - Computer
110) Kirkpatrick Macmillan - Pedal Bicycle
111) Edouard Michelin - Pneumatic Tyre
112) Robert Oppenheimer - Atom Bomb
113) Robert Noyce - Microchip ( Integrated Circuit )
114) Karl Landsteiner - Blood groups
115) Sir. C.V. Raman - Raman Effect
116) Robert Boyle –
Transformed chemistry from a field bogged down in alchemy and mysticism into one based on measurement. He defined elements, compounds and mixtures; and he discovered the first gas law – Boyle’s Law.
117) Brahmagupta –
Established zero as a number and defined its mathematical properties; discovered the formula for solving quadratic equations.
118) Robert Bunsen –
Discovered cesium and rubidium; discovered the antidote to arsenic poisoning; invented the zinc-carbon battery and flash photography; revealed the secrets of geysers.
119) Santiago Ramón y Cajal –
Founder of modern neuroscience: proved the neuron doctrine, which says that neurons behave as biochemically distinct cells rather than a network of interlinked cells.
120) George Washington Carver –
Improved the agricultural economy of the United States by promoting nitrogen-providing peanuts as an alternative crop to cotton to prevent soil depletion.
121) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar –
Discovered that massive stars can collapse under their own gravity to reach infinite density. Today we call these collapsed stars black holes.
122) Erwin Chargaff –
Chargaff’s rules paved the way to the discovery of DNA’s structure.
123) John Dalton –
Dalton’s Atomic Theory is the basis of chemistry; discovered Gay-Lussac’s Law relating gases’ temperature, volume, and pressure; discovered the law of partial gas pressures.
124) Democritus —
Devised an atomic theory featuring tiny particles always in motion interacting through collisions; advocated a universe containing an infinity of diverse inhabited worlds governed by natural, mechanistic laws rather than gods; deduced that the light of stars explains the Milky Way’s appearance; discovered that a cone’s volume is one-third that of the cylinder with the same base and height.
125) René Descartes –
One of the great philosophers; advocate of skepticism in the scientific method; creator of new mathematical ideas including the independent founding of analytical geometry. Cartesian coordinates are named in his honor.
126) Frank Drake -
A founder of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence; devised the Drake equation to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in our galaxy; first person to map the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
127) Eratosthenes –
Accurately calculated Earth’s size 2,500 years ago; founded the science of geography; and devised the famous prime number sieve.
128) Leonhard Euler - Euler invented the calculus of variations including its most well-known result, the Euler–Lagrange equation. Euler also pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number theory problems. In doing so, he united two disparate branches of mathematics and introduced a new field of study, analytic number theory.
129) Pierre de Fermat –
Co-founded the disciplines of analytic geometry and probability theory and was a key player in the invention of calculus.
130) Fibonacci –
The rebirth of Western mathematics: Fibonacci’s Book of Calculation introduced the Indian number system, now used worldwide, to Europe.
131) Ronald Fisher –
Invented experimental design; devised the statistical concept of variance; unified evolution by natural selection with Mendel’s rules of inheritance defining the new field of population genetics.
132) Alexander Fleming –
Discovered that treating wounds and infections with antiseptic agents caused more deaths than if no action was taken. Discovered penicillin and predicted the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
133) Galen –
Began his medical practice as a physician to gladiators and established a link between diet and health. Galen created a flawed doctrine that dominated Western and Arab medicine for 1,500 years.
134) Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin –
Discovered that the most abundant chemical elements in stars and hence in the universe are hydrogen and helium.
135) Carl Friedrich Gauss 1777 – 1855.
The last master of all mathematics, Gauss revolutionized number theory and invented the method of least squares and the fast Fourier transform. His profound contributions to the physical sciences include Gauss’s Law & Gauss’s Law for Magnetism.
136) Sophie Germain –
Developed elasticity theory and made significant progress in her personal program to prove Fermat’s last theorem.
137) Willard Gibbs –
Gibbs invented vector analysis and founded the sciences of modern statistical mechanics and chemical thermodynamics.
138) William Harvey –
Explained blood circulation for the first time, showing there is a complete circuit beginning and ending in the heart.
139) Caroline Herschel –
Discovered five comets; produced an award-winning catalogue of nebulae; the brother-sister team of William & Caroline Herschel increased the number of known nebulae from about 100 to 2,500.
140) Heinrich Hertz –
Discovered radio waves, proving James Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism; discovered the photoelectric effect, providing a clue to the existence of the quantum world.
141) David Hilbert –
Famed for his 23 problems, Hilbert propelled mathematics to new heights. He replaced Euclid’s axioms dating from 2,000 years earlier, allowing the unification of 2D and 3D geometry; he created Hilbert Space, now essential in advanced physical science.
142) Hipparchus –
One of antiquity’s greatest scientists: founded the mathematical discipline of trigonometry; measured the earth-moon distance accurately; discovered the precession of the equinoxes; documented the positions and magnitudes of over 850 stars; his combinatorics work was unequalled until 1870.
143) Robert Hooke –
Discovered cells and wrote one of the most significant books in scientific history, Micrographia, revealing the microscopic world for the first time; discovered Hooke’s Law in physics; invented the balance spring enabling pocket watches to be made.
144) Grace Hopper –
Pioneer of electronic computers. Invented the first compiler and was the principal architect of COBOL, the most widely used computer language of the twentieth century.
1) Issac Newton - Universal gravitation, Newtonian mechanics, Infinitesimal calculus, Optics, Binomial series.
2) Albert Einstein - Theory of relativity, Photoelectric effect, Mass energy equivalence, Theory of brownian motion, Enstein's field equations, Bose-Einstein stastics, Bose-Einstein correlation, Unified field theory.
3) Niels Bohr - Bohr model, Copenhagen interpretation, Complementarity, Sommerfield-bohr theory, Bohr magneton, BKS theory, Founded quantum mechanics when he remodeled the atom so electrons occupied ‘allowed’ orbits around the nucleus while all other orbits were forbidden; architect of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.
4) Charles Darwin - Origin of species, Evolution, Natural selection ( The survival of the fittest ).
5) Louis Pasteur - Germ theory of disease, Vaccination for rabies and anthrax, Pasteurization.
6) Sigmund Freud - Psychotherapy, Psychology of unconscious mind.
7) Galileo Galilei - Telescope, Dynamics, Heliocentrism.
8) Antoine Lavoisier - Hydrogen, Oxygen, Water, Silicon.
9) Johannes Kepler - Laws of planetary motion, Improved version of refracting telescope.
10) Nicolaus Copernicus - Sun is placed at the center of all other planets, Heliocentric Universe, Started the scientific revolution with his book The Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, explaining his belief that the solar system is centered on the sun not on the earth.
11) Michael Faraday - Transformer, The Classical Field Theory, Faraday's laws of induction,induction motor, Electrochemistry, Faraday effect, Faraday cage, Faraday constant, Faraday's cup, Faraday's laws of electrolysis, Faraday paradox, Faraday rotator, Faraday efficiency effect, Faraday wheel, Faraday wave, Lines of force,discovered the first experimental link between light and magnetism,carried out the first room-temperature liquefaction of a gas, discovered benzene.
12) James Clerk Maxwell - The electromagnetic field, Maxwell's equations, Maxwell distribution, Maxwell's demon, Mazwell's discs, Maxwell's speed distribution, Maxwell theorem, Generalised maxwell modell, Maxwell material, Displacement current, Maxwell's wheel.
13 ) Claude Bernard - Found the word Homeostasis, Found the functions of pancreas, explained what is digestion, Found the glycogenic functions of liver, Vaso motor system, Vaso motor nerves ( vaso motor dialator, vaso maotor constrictor ).
14 ) Franz Boas - Founder of modern Anthropology, Father of American Anthropology.
15 ) Werner Heisenberg - Quantum theory, Uncertainty theory, Matrix mechanics, Kramers heisenberg formula, Heisenberg group, Isospin, Euler heisenberg lagrangian.
16 ) Linus Pauling - Elucidating chemical bonds, Molecular structures, Advocating nuclear disarmament.
17 ) Rudolf Virchow - Cellular pathology, Biogenesis, Virchow's triad.
18 ) Erwin Schrodinger - Schrodinger equation, Schrodinger's cat, Schrodinger method, Schrodinger functional, Schrodinger picture, Schrodinger newton euations, Schrodinger field, Schrodinger logics, Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation, Cat state, Wave function
19 ) Ernest Rutherford - Father of nuclear physics, Rutherford model, Rutherford scattering, Rutherford back scattering, Spectroscopy, Discovery of proton, Coined the term artificial disintegration.
20 ) Paul Dirac - Dirac equation, Dirac comb, Dirac delta equation, Dirac sea, Dirac spinor, Dirac measure, Dirac adjoint, Bra-ket notation, Dirac large numbers hypothesis, Dirac fermion, Dirac string, Dirac algebra, Dirac operator, Abraham -lawrence Dirac force, Dirac bracket, Fermi-Dirac integral, Dirac picture, Negative integral, Dirac -coulomb-breit equation, Kapitsa-Dirac effect.
21 ) Andreas Vesalius - Founder of modern human anatomy, Author of the book ON THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BODY.
22 ) Tycho Brahe - Tycho's astronomical data was used to develop LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION, Produced the best star catalog that had ever been compiled and measured the orbit of Mars with unprecedented accuracy, paving the way for Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and Newton’s law of gravity.
23) Comte de Buffon - He proposed that species can change over time and these changes could lead to a new organism.
24 ) Ludwig Boltzmann - He explained and predicted how the properties of atoms such as mass, energy, structure determines the visible properties of matter such as viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusion. Boltzmann's constant, Boltzmann equation, H theorem, Boltzmann distribution, Stefan-Boltzmann law.
25 ) Max Planck - Planck constant, Planck postulate, Planck 's law of black body.
26 ) Marie Curie - Discovered radium, discovered polonium, First woman to win nobel prize, Coined the term radioactivity, carried out the first research into the treatment of tumors with radiation.
27 ) William Herschel - Discovery of Uranus, Discovery of infrared radiation, Known for deep sky surveys, Known for the 24 symphonies that he composed, Discovered the 2 moons ( titania, oberon ) of Uranus, Discovered the 2 moons of saturn.
28 ) Charles Lyell - Author of PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY.
29 ) Pierre Simon de Laplace - Laplace's equation, Laplacian, Laplace transform, Laplace distribution, Laplace demon, Laplace expansion, Young-Laplace equation, Laplace number, Laplace limit, Laplace invariant, Laplace principle.
30 ) Edwin Hubble - Hubble 's law, Discovered the asteroid 1373 cincinnati.
31 ) Joseph J.Thomson - Discovery of electron, Plum pudding model, Doscovery of isotopes, Mass spectrometer invention, First m/e measurement, Proposed first wave guide, Thomson scattering, Thomson problem, Coined the term delta ray, Coined the term epsilon radiation,
32 ) Max Born - Discovery of
Born–Haber cycle
Born rigidity
Born coordinates
Born approximation
Born series
Born probability
Born–Infeld theory
Born–Oppenheimer approximation
Born rule
Born–Landé equation
Born–Huang approximation
Born–von Karman boundary condition
Born equation
Adiabatic theorem
Canonical commutation relation
33 ) Francis Crick - Discovery of
DNA structure
Central Dogma
Consciousness
Adaptor hypothesis
34 ) Enrico Fermi - Discovery of
Demonstrating first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction
Fermi–Dirac statistics
Fermi's golden rule
Fermi paradox
Fermi method
Fermi theory of beta decay
35) Hippocrates - Founder of medicine, The father of Western medicine: systematized medical treatments, disentangling them from religion and superstitions; trained physicians; produced a large body of medical textbooks. The famous Hippocratic Oath binds physicians to good ethical practices.
36) Aristotle - Discovery of
Aristotelian philosophy
Syllogism
Theory of the soul
Virtue ethics
37) Steven Arthur Pinker - Discovery of
evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind.
38) Francis Collins - Discovery of
Chromosome jumping
39) John Craig Venter - He is known for leading the first draft sequence of the human genome and assembled the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome.
40) Stephen Hawking - His scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation.
41) Stephen Jay Gould - Stephen Jay Gould is best known for the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which proposes that evolution of species is not a slow, gradual process of change, but in fact consists of long periods of stability broken by shorter periods of rapid change.
42) Robert Curl - Curl is best known as a member of the team that discovered the carbon cage compounds known as the fullerenes could be produced in good yield when elemental carbon vapor is allowed to condense under the right conditions. The fullerenes are the only known form of elemental carbon.
43) Richard E Smalley - In 1996 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of a new type of carbon, buckminsterfullerene.
44) Harry Kroto - Harry Kroto is a chemist, professor, Nobel Prize winner, and the discoverer of the buckyball! Sir Harold Walter Kroto shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley for the discovery of the “buckyball”, the “molecule” shaped like a soccerball made of 60 carbon atoms.
45) Jane Goodall - Jane Goodall is an expert on wild chimpanzees. Recognized for her ground breaking discoveries about their behavior – she discovered that chimpanzees make tools, eat and hunt for meat, and have similar social behavior to humans – she completely transformed our understanding of our closest relative in the animal kingdom.
46) Rosalind Franklin - Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA, particularly Photo 51, while at King's College London, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix for which James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962.
47) Richard Phillips - Richard Phillips Feynman, ForMemRS (/ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium.
48) James Watson - James D. Watson is credited with the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA along with Francis Crick. Watson received a 1962 Nobel Prize and went on to do work in cancer research and mapping the human genome.
49) Francis Crik - discovered the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 1953 in Cambridge, England, also developed The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, and further clarified the relationship between nucleotides and protein synthesis.
50) Sir Fred Hoyle - Sir Fred Hoyle was an English astronomer and cosmologist, primarily remembered today for his contribution to the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, and his often controversial stance on other cosmological and scientific matters.
51) Jonas Salk - Discovery of Polio vaccine.
52) Norman Ernest Borlaug - A biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work in developing varieties of cereal grains that would produce high yields in developing countries.
53) Alan Turing - Discovery of
Banburismus
Automatic Computing Engine
LU decomposition
Universal Turing machine
54) Luis Alverez - Invented the Microwave Phased Array Antenna. Helped develop the atom bomb. Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968. he also developed the Alvarez hypothesis.
55) Battista - Anemometer
56) Friedrich Dexler - Ammeter
57) Evangelista Torricelli - Barometer
58) Hans Lippershey - Telescope
59) Andre-Marie Ampere - Discovered that wires carrying electric current can attract and repel magnetically; founded electromagnetic theory.
60) Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit - Mercury Thermometer
61) Anaximander - An ancient scientific revolution: the first person in history to recognize that our planet is free in space and does not need to sit on something.
62) J.J.Thomson - Electrons
63) James Chadwick - Newtrons
64) Alfred Nobel - Dynamite
65) Mary Anning –
Ancient animals, fossils, and paleontology: discovered the first complete specimen of a plesiosaur; deduced the diets of dinosaurs.
66) Alexander Fleming - Penicillin
67) Felix Hoffman - Aspirin
68) Antony van Leeuwenhoek - Bacteria
69) Waldemar Haffkine - Cholera Vaccine
70) Maurice Hilleman - Rubella Vaccine
71) Baruch Blumberg - Hepatitis B virus
72) Pablo DT Valenzuela - Hepatitis B Vaccine
73) Edward Jenner - Smallpox Vaccine
74) Aristarchus –
Promoted the idea that the earth follows a circular orbit around the sun eighteen centuries before Nicolaus Copernicus resurrected the idea.
75) Waldemar Haffkine - Plague Vaccine
76) Wilhelm Rontgen - X-ray
77) Casimir Funk - Vitamin
78) Frederick Banting and J J R Macleod - Insulin
79) Luc Montagnier - HIV
80) Tim Berners Lee - World Wide Web
81) James Gosling - Java Computing Language
82) Ray Tomlinson - Email
83) Dennis Ritchie - C programmimg
84) Johannes Gutenberg - Printing Press
85) Thomas Alva Edison - Electric Bulb
86) Alexander Grahambel - Inventor of the metal detector, the telephone, and the photophone – the first device to carry the human voice using light.
87) Guglielmo Marconi - Radio
88) Blaise Pascal - Calculator
89) John Logie Baird - Television
90) Benjamin Franklin - Electricity
91) Pavel Schilling - Electrical Telegraph
92) Amedeo Avogadro –
The first scientist to realize that elements can exist in the form of molecules rather than as individual atoms; originator of Avogadro’s law.
93) Fritz Pfluemer - Magnetic Tape
94) Daniel Bernoulli –
Discovered the Bernoulli Effect explaining how aircraft wings generate lift; formulated a kinetic theory relating the phenomenon of temperature to particle speeds in gases;
95) Dmitri Mendeleev - Periodic Table
96) Euclid - Geometry
97) Edward Teller - Hydrogen Bomb
98) Enrico Fermi - Nuclear Reactor
99) James Watt - Steam Engine
100) Alessandro Volta - Battery
101) Rudolf Diesel - Diesel Engine.
102) Broquet - Helicopter
103) Larry Page - Google
104) Vint Cerf - Internet
105) Robert Khan - IP Address
106) Archimedes - Discovery of
Archimedes' principle
Archimedes' screw
Founded the sciences of mechanics and hydrostatics,
calculated pi precisely
devised the law of exponents
levers
infinitesimals
Neuseis constructions
created new geometrical proofs
invented numerous ingenious mechanical devices
107) Cai Lun - Paper
108) Humphrey Davy - Davy Lamp
109) Charles Babbage - Computer
110) Kirkpatrick Macmillan - Pedal Bicycle
111) Edouard Michelin - Pneumatic Tyre
112) Robert Oppenheimer - Atom Bomb
113) Robert Noyce - Microchip ( Integrated Circuit )
114) Karl Landsteiner - Blood groups
115) Sir. C.V. Raman - Raman Effect
116) Robert Boyle –
Transformed chemistry from a field bogged down in alchemy and mysticism into one based on measurement. He defined elements, compounds and mixtures; and he discovered the first gas law – Boyle’s Law.
117) Brahmagupta –
Established zero as a number and defined its mathematical properties; discovered the formula for solving quadratic equations.
118) Robert Bunsen –
Discovered cesium and rubidium; discovered the antidote to arsenic poisoning; invented the zinc-carbon battery and flash photography; revealed the secrets of geysers.
119) Santiago Ramón y Cajal –
Founder of modern neuroscience: proved the neuron doctrine, which says that neurons behave as biochemically distinct cells rather than a network of interlinked cells.
120) George Washington Carver –
Improved the agricultural economy of the United States by promoting nitrogen-providing peanuts as an alternative crop to cotton to prevent soil depletion.
121) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar –
Discovered that massive stars can collapse under their own gravity to reach infinite density. Today we call these collapsed stars black holes.
122) Erwin Chargaff –
Chargaff’s rules paved the way to the discovery of DNA’s structure.
123) John Dalton –
Dalton’s Atomic Theory is the basis of chemistry; discovered Gay-Lussac’s Law relating gases’ temperature, volume, and pressure; discovered the law of partial gas pressures.
124) Democritus —
Devised an atomic theory featuring tiny particles always in motion interacting through collisions; advocated a universe containing an infinity of diverse inhabited worlds governed by natural, mechanistic laws rather than gods; deduced that the light of stars explains the Milky Way’s appearance; discovered that a cone’s volume is one-third that of the cylinder with the same base and height.
125) René Descartes –
One of the great philosophers; advocate of skepticism in the scientific method; creator of new mathematical ideas including the independent founding of analytical geometry. Cartesian coordinates are named in his honor.
126) Frank Drake -
A founder of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence; devised the Drake equation to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in our galaxy; first person to map the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
127) Eratosthenes –
Accurately calculated Earth’s size 2,500 years ago; founded the science of geography; and devised the famous prime number sieve.
128) Leonhard Euler - Euler invented the calculus of variations including its most well-known result, the Euler–Lagrange equation. Euler also pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number theory problems. In doing so, he united two disparate branches of mathematics and introduced a new field of study, analytic number theory.
129) Pierre de Fermat –
Co-founded the disciplines of analytic geometry and probability theory and was a key player in the invention of calculus.
130) Fibonacci –
The rebirth of Western mathematics: Fibonacci’s Book of Calculation introduced the Indian number system, now used worldwide, to Europe.
131) Ronald Fisher –
Invented experimental design; devised the statistical concept of variance; unified evolution by natural selection with Mendel’s rules of inheritance defining the new field of population genetics.
132) Alexander Fleming –
Discovered that treating wounds and infections with antiseptic agents caused more deaths than if no action was taken. Discovered penicillin and predicted the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
133) Galen –
Began his medical practice as a physician to gladiators and established a link between diet and health. Galen created a flawed doctrine that dominated Western and Arab medicine for 1,500 years.
134) Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin –
Discovered that the most abundant chemical elements in stars and hence in the universe are hydrogen and helium.
135) Carl Friedrich Gauss 1777 – 1855.
The last master of all mathematics, Gauss revolutionized number theory and invented the method of least squares and the fast Fourier transform. His profound contributions to the physical sciences include Gauss’s Law & Gauss’s Law for Magnetism.
136) Sophie Germain –
Developed elasticity theory and made significant progress in her personal program to prove Fermat’s last theorem.
137) Willard Gibbs –
Gibbs invented vector analysis and founded the sciences of modern statistical mechanics and chemical thermodynamics.
138) William Harvey –
Explained blood circulation for the first time, showing there is a complete circuit beginning and ending in the heart.
139) Caroline Herschel –
Discovered five comets; produced an award-winning catalogue of nebulae; the brother-sister team of William & Caroline Herschel increased the number of known nebulae from about 100 to 2,500.
140) Heinrich Hertz –
Discovered radio waves, proving James Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism; discovered the photoelectric effect, providing a clue to the existence of the quantum world.
141) David Hilbert –
Famed for his 23 problems, Hilbert propelled mathematics to new heights. He replaced Euclid’s axioms dating from 2,000 years earlier, allowing the unification of 2D and 3D geometry; he created Hilbert Space, now essential in advanced physical science.
142) Hipparchus –
One of antiquity’s greatest scientists: founded the mathematical discipline of trigonometry; measured the earth-moon distance accurately; discovered the precession of the equinoxes; documented the positions and magnitudes of over 850 stars; his combinatorics work was unequalled until 1870.
143) Robert Hooke –
Discovered cells and wrote one of the most significant books in scientific history, Micrographia, revealing the microscopic world for the first time; discovered Hooke’s Law in physics; invented the balance spring enabling pocket watches to be made.
144) Grace Hopper –
Pioneer of electronic computers. Invented the first compiler and was the principal architect of COBOL, the most widely used computer language of the twentieth century.
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